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Oidium mangiferae
''Oidium mangiferae'' is a plant pathogen that infects mango trees causing powdery mildew.〔(Mango Powdery Mildew ) Plant Disease August 2008 PD-46〕 Powdery mildew of mango is an Ascomycete pathogen of the Erysiphales family that was initially described by Berthet in 1914, using samples collected from Brazil.〔Rawal, R.D.. "Management of fungal diseases in tropical fruits." Proceedings of the IPGRI-ICAR-UTFANET Regional Training course on the Conservation and Use of Germplasm of Tropical Fruits in Asia at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Res (1997): 18-31〕 ''O. mangiferae'' is found in all areas where mangoes have been raised long term, but is particularly widespread in India where both the host and the pathogen are native. Currently no teleomorph stage has been identified, but due to certain morphological characteristics it has been suggested that ''O. mangiferae'' belongs in the ''Erysiphe'' polygony group. Mango is the only known host for this pathogen, though ''O. mangiferae'' appears to be identical to fungi responsible for powdery mildew diseases on various other plant species, particularly oak, though some differences may be observed. In particular, the number of cells in conidiophores varies from 2 on mango to 3-5 on oak. ''O. mangiferae'' has been known to infect oak leaves in the laboratory, however due to the lack of a known telemorph stage ''O. mangiferae'' is still considered to only be a pathogen of mango.〔Akhtar, Khalid P., and S. S. Alam. "Powdery Mildew of Mango: A Review." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3 ()(2000): 1119-1122.〕 Recent analysis of its ribosomal DNA suggests it is conspecific with ''Erysiphe alphitoides'', the causative agent of powdery mildew in European oaks.
== Host ==
Mangoes are a commercial fruit crop of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae) which are an important crop in many countries including India, China, Pakistan, Mexico and Thailand. There are many species of mango, but the only one raised for commercial fruit production is ''Mangifera indica'', as the fruit it bears is the most appealing and edible.〔Bally, Ian S.E., and "Mangifera indica (mango)." Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (www.traditionaltree.org) (Apr 2006): 1-25.〕 Originally cultivated in India beginning more than 5,000 years ago, mangoes currently represent up to 50% of international fruit production.〔Ploetz, R.C.. "Diseases of Tropical Perennial Crops: Challenging Problems in Diverse Environments." Plant Disease 91()(Jun 2007): 644-663.〕 Mangoes are susceptible to a large variety of pathogens, including root rot, anthracnose, die back, and leaf spot, among others. However, one of the most prevalent and damaging diseases of this crop is powdery mildew of mango, caused by ''Oidium mangiferae''; crop losses between 20 and 90 percent have been reported from various regions due to powdery mildew infections.〔Verma, L.R., and R.C. Sharma. Diseases of Horticultural Crops Vegetables, Ornamentals and Mushrooms. 1st ed. Indus Publishing Company, 1999, 430-432〕 Most mango cultivars in use today were released from 1949–1967, with continuous cultivation since that time.〔() Jiskani, M. Mithal. "Pakissan.com; Mango Diseases and their Management." Pakissan.com. Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. 28 Nov 2008〕 Long term cultivation may affect disease resistance, and very little breeding for resistant varieties has been undertaken; due to this, almost all cultivars show susceptibility to ''O. mangiferae'' and it is extremely widespread. The most popular variety of mango, the Tommy Atkins, was developed in the 1920s in Florida and is favored because of its long shelf life and anthracnose resistance, though it is still somewhat susceptible to powdery mildew and control strategies must still be enacted.〔Campbell, Carl W. "The 'Tommy Atkins' Mango." Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society (1973): 348-350.〕 Diseases of perennial crops such as mango are devastating due to the long time period to maturity for the plants, as a tree grown from seed will not produce fruit until it has reached three to six years of age. In contrast, the mango tree may live and produce fruit for several hundred years if it remains healthy and is well cared for.〔Moore, Lincoln N., and "Mango: Mangifera indica L." USDA NRCS Plant Guide (2004): 1-5〕 In addition, perennial crops can allow for buildup of inoculum and widespread dispersal of pathogens such as powdery mildew because the host is present in all seasons and through multiple years.〔
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